Free Essays on The Simile Of The Cave

In Plato’s work â€Å"The Simile of the Cave†, Socrates discusses such topics as numbness of men, and edification. You can contrast this with regular day to day existence, yet I contemplate legislative issues. He says â€Å" Society will never be administered either by the uneducated, who have no information on the truth†¦ the scholarly people will make no commonsense move voluntarily, liking themselves to be incredible in some natural paradise.† He accepts that the present individuals who are living and running society, are blinded by their concept of what is correct, and have no will to change their perspectives. It’s far simpler to experience life aside from all that you are instructed, and testing nothing or anybody. Later he proceeds to discuss how in ones lifetime he gets the opportunity to suspend himself from the â€Å"cave† (jail) and increase more information about himself and others. At that point you are additionally ready to show o thers your discoveries and encounters. Be that as it may, you can’t simply carry on with your life all alone, Socrates says: later you will need to return to society and despite the fact that things may not be there ASAP, at any rate you will know what your identity is, and consider things to be they genuinely may be.... Free Essays on The Simile Of The Cave Free Essays on The Simile Of The Cave In Plato’s work â€Å"The Simile of the Cave†, Socrates discusses such topics as numbness of men, and illumination. You can contrast this with regular day to day existence, however I contemplate governmental issues. He says â€Å" Society will never be administered either by the uneducated, who have no information on the truth†¦ the scholarly people will make no down to earth move voluntarily, liking themselves to be awesome in some natural paradise.† He accepts that the present individuals who are living and running society, are blinded by their concept of what is correct, and have no will to change their perspectives. It’s far simpler to experience life aside from all that you are instructed, and testing nothing or anybody. Later he proceeds to discuss how in ones lifetime he gets the opportunity to suspend himself from the â€Å"cave† (jail) and increase more information about himself and others. At that point you are additionally ready to s how others your discoveries and encounters. In any case, you can’t simply carry on with your life all alone, Socrates says: later you will need to return to society and despite the fact that things may not be there ASAP, in any event you will know what your identity is, and consider things to be they genuinely may be....

What is the stated purpose of Canadian multicultural policy Has Essay

What is the expressed motivation behind Canadian multicultural strategy Has multiculturalism been fruitful for whom - Essay Example This investigation currently tries to set up the expressed reason for the Canadian multicultural arrangement. It likewise looks to answer whether multiculturalism has been fruitful, and on the off chance that it has, for whom it has been a triumph. This investigation is being embraced so as to build up a far reaching comprehension of Canada’s multicultural strategy, remembering its effect and its suggestions for the present patterns of globalization. The motivation behind the multiculturalism approach of Canada is to â€Å"recognize and advance the understanding that multiculturalism mirrors the social and racial assorted variety of Canadian culture and that multiculturalism is a crucial attribute of the Canadian legacy and identity† (National Capital Commission, n.d, p. 1). Basically, the strategy additionally intends to approach government organizations to do their projects and undertakings in due thought of multiculturalism; and to execute different exercises with a pinch of affectability and because of the multicultural setting of Canada (National Capital Commission, n.d). In more detail, the Canadian Multiculturalism Act presents that the Canadian government recognizes and bolsters the way that multiculturalism communicates the social and ethnic decent variety of their general public and perceives the privilege of the individuals to save and offer their legacy (Canadian Multiculturalism Act, 1988). Their approach additionally recognizes and bolsters the understanding that multiculturalism is a significant trait of Canada’s society and that it helps shape the fate of Canadian culture. The arrangement additionally underpins the all encompassing and equivalent support of the individuals from different ethnicities in all parts of Canadian culture, helping them in annihilating obstructions to cooperation (Canadian Multiculturalism Act, 1988). The reason for the demonstration is likewise to perceive that different

Life or something like it

Life or something like it Sometimes I secretly wish for exciting things to happen to me so that I can write some sort of blazingly exotic blog entry full of exclamation points and intruige. But alas, my life is full of the same sorts of things every day: School. Drop Date, the last date undergraduates are allowed to drop a class without penalty, was last Wednesday, so Im in all my classes for the long haul. (Truth be told, Ive never dropped a class here. But its kind of nice to know that I can until almost three-quarters of the way through the semester.) Most of my classes are going along swimmingly; for example, we had a great discussion in 7.31 (Current Topics in Mammalian Biology) about stem cell research with Professor Jaenisch, who is basically one of the gods of stem cell research. The man is a pioneer in his field, is routinely quoted in the New York Times, and he knows my name. So cool. Work. My postdoc and I are trying to finish some experiments with publication-quality data by Christmas so we can hopefully get published by the time I graduate. Luckily Ill be at the lab 40(+) hours a week during IAP, so whatever doesnt get finished before Christmas can definitely get finished in January. I have a lot of neurons to image on the confocal microscope between now and Christmas. Cheerleading. We have three basketball games to cheer for this week (one was tonight). I went straight from the lab to the game, and changed into my cheerleading uniform in the lab bathroom. Of course, according to Murphys Law, I passed two professors in the hallway after changing into my uniform. Sweet. Christmas? It was 60 degrees in Cambridge today, which makes it hard to listen to Christmas music on ones iPod. It just doesnt feel very Christmasy. Nonetheless, the intrepid Adam hung some lights so we could tool in the semi-dark. He also decorated our suite door. Grad school apps. Seven are done, one just needs about another half-hour of work (I need to look through faculty bios and pick the professors with whom I could see myself working). My transcripts are in, my GRE scores have been sent, my fees have been paid, my letters of recommendation have been sent (except for one of my writers and I reminded him nicely yesterday to GET IT DONE). Now theres nothing to do but wait. Um, boo? Thats pretty much it. But hey, Im kind of okay with that at the moment. Questions and other such things: 1. War of the Worlds. Ben forgot to mention the major plotline of the movie in which Dakota Fanning screams. A lot. Im with Ben in that I fully believe that anyone capable of planting machines in the earth a million years prior to taking over said earth would be fully capable of marching into any doctors office and raiding their stash of penicillin. Lets not even touch my pedantic bio nerd point: it wouldnt have been possible a million years ago (or, like, 100,000 years ago) to predict that the human population would have experienced such a huge population explosion. Harumph. 2. Clark notes that Christmas tree hunting would be a great deal more entertaining if the trees would just liven up a bit. I have to admit that, although Im not a fan of indiscriminately mopping living things (I am, after all, a quasi-vegetarian), it would be pretty sweet if the trees ran around a little and we could stalk the wild evergreen in its natural habitat.

Essay on Voyage and Psychological Development in Homers...

The Voyage and Psychological Development in Homers Odyssey Homers Odyssey arguably stands out head and shoulders above any other piece of epic literature produced by Western civilization for nearly three millennia. Most remarkable is the extent to which the Western hero archetype is to this day still a result of the molding that occurred upon the character of Odysseus so long ago. In imagining a police lineup of the most profoundly influencing protagonists of Western epic poetry, surely Odysseus would impress in stature and roguish airs far beyond the others for is not the gray-eyed Athena, daughter of rain-bringing Zeus himself, bound in devotion to this mortal hero? It is she who repeatedly enhances Odysseus appearance so†¦show more content†¦The sea goddess, Leucothea gives voice to Odysseus singular ability to survive on both land and sea, in the physical and in the psychological realms: Ill-fated man, why is the earth-shaker Poseidon So strikingly angry that he spawns you these many ills? He will not wear you down, however he may desire it. (5.339-41) The tempering and strengthening of ego by the forces which the gods unleash upon Odysseus function to cement his inward journey along with the external evolution he undergoes from sacker of cities to a man of deep feeling. The end product of such an evolution comprise what was in Homers time, and remains in ours, the new hero. Odysseus challenge is not only to think on his feet in battle but to reach a depth of soul engendered from the threats and creatures which defy the ordinary imagination. The Odyssey is the story of one mans encounter with the unconscious and his subsequent survival. The myth of the new hero, as embodied by Odysseus, stands in sharp relief to the poignant lamentations uttered by Achilles shade in the underworld: Noble Odysseus, do not commend death to me. I would rather serve on the land of another man Who had no portion and not a great livelihood Than to rule over all the shades of those who are dead. (11.488-91) For Achilles, no personal reward has been won from the TrojanShow MoreRelated Tom Robbins Jitterbug Perfume Essay3119 Words   |  13 PagesJitterbug Perfume In his 1984 novel Jitterbug Perfume, Tom Robbins presents a narrative that rivals the often fantastical tales told in myth. Using classical mythology as a foundation, and, in particular, providing a loose adaptation of The Odyssey by Homer, Robbins updates and modifies characters and concepts in an effort to reinforce the importance of the journey of life and the discovery of self. Like the ancient myth-makers, Robbins commands the reader’s attention with outrageous situationsRead MoreGreek Mythology8088 Words   |  33 Pages  Greek   mythology.  Athena  (known  as  Minerva  in  Roman  mythology)  was  protector  of  numerous  Greek  cities,  especially   Athens,  and  was  associated  with  industry,  art,  wisdom,  and  warfare.  In  the  two  major  epics  of  Greek  antiquity,  the   Iliad  and  the  Odyssey,  Athena  fought  on  the  side  of  the  Greeks  in  the  T rojan  War  and  aided  Odysseus  in  his  return   home  from  the  war.  The  Greeks  dedicated  numerous  buildings  and  shrines  to  Athena,  including  the  prominent   temple  in  Athens,  the  Parthenon.  This  ancient

What to Do About Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay

What to Do About Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay It normally appears in the very first paragraph of an essay. In a brief paper, a thesis statement should be found at the close of the intro paragraph. It is a one or two sentence summary of the main purpose of the paper. Order a superior essay example written through an experienced writer from our professional agency. Thesis statement examples for research papers ought to be collected by the students to be aware of the exact means of writing it. Not just that but students will be in a position to access their online courses and be in a position to follow along with the lecture through powerpoints. Each student moves through her or his own procedure and at their own pace. Strong College students shouldn't need to take a necessary core curriculum. Lies You've Been Told About Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay To learn what your controlling idea is, you've got to examine and assess your evidence. You will soon locate t he official data about us. The aforementioned kind of thesis sets up the body of your complete argument. Reading recent research can help you to decide your position and compose a more powerful, well-informed argument. Top Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay Secrets When you're done writing, it's important to get someone take another look at your paper so that you are able to ensure there are not any mistakes or errors. The cost of an essay is dependent upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. Your orders will be done exactly as you desire. Keep revising your own idea till you get original and intriguing claims which you are excited to write about. If after following the steps and taking note of the advice and tricks, you find it difficult to compose a crucial analysis, don't be afraid to ask support from EssayPro. Cyber bullying puts lots of stress on a lot of teens, and can result in depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts. The topic is simply too la rge to really say something new and meaningful. The actual individuals highly praise our essay help site. Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay and Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay - The Perfect Combination Your readers could be high, sick, scared, or all the above mentioned. The thesis statement functions as a brief overview of the writer's stance in the debate, helping readers understand what's going to appear in the remainder of the paper. You will not locate a thesis statement generator online which is able to make an original argument which will not bore the reader. Evaluate whether the author has achieved the purpose of their written work. Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay - Is it a Scam? Or you might have to revise your thesis to coordinate with the evidence and insights that you wish to go over. Therefore, such statement should not be overly large or general, as it defines the essential route for the paper. Purpose statements also work nicely in abstracts. A thesis statement must be specific, highlighting statements that you are just about to make in your paper and backing this up with an evidence. Still, there are a number of basic guidelines to remember when it regards an argumentative thesis statement. If you're still uncertain about how to compose a thesis statement or what a great thesis statement is, be certain to talk with your teacher or professor to make sure that you're on the right path. Above all, a great thesis statement creates a statement. It will accomplish the same thing. You should make your argument as clear and specific as possible. Keep in mind an argument essay ought to be somewhat persuasive. Our website is just one of the most appropriate for essay help. You can rely on the ideal essay help online. You have to make sure you keep on that 1 side during your whole essay. Simply fill in the blanks about the subject of your essay and that which you plan to prove and you're done. This kind of essay is supposed to persuade the reader to accept a specific viewpoint. Writing a persuasive, argumentative essay can be challenging, and at times it can find a little confusing. You will get unique texts, which will be finished in time. Every paper you write need to have a major point, a principal notion, or central message. Many are highly-reputed. The Good, the Bad and Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay Picking a kind of claim or argument can help you keep your thesis from becoming too wide. You should first choose a good topic with an argument, credible information to back up your viewpoint, a good stance on your side, and a superb counter-argument to assist you sound less biased. Feedback during any portion of the workshop must stay positive and affirming, particularly during th e conference.

Depression Free Essays

Depression is not only a state of being sad, it is a disease that conquers the ability to feel emotion, whether good or bad, whatsoever. Depression not only involves the mind, it also involves the body and thoughts. Depression is not a disease that only influences males or children of the age three to eleven. We will write a custom essay sample on Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every human being is prone to depression. Although women are three times more likely to become depressed than men, men are five times more likely to commit suicide when depressed than women. Although all age groups are open to depression, teenagers are the most common to be heard of being affected by the disease. This is probably because of peer pressure and the changes in their life. One great risk for becoming depressed is if you smoke. Some scientists hold to believe that smoking may be linked to Depression. Tobacco smoke kills off an enzyme that is responsible for breaking down a nerve cell chemical that activates pleasure seeking behavior. Most experts believe a combination of family history (your genes) and stressful life events may cause depression. Genes: people whose family members have had depression are more likely to go through a depression period. Life events are a major cause of depression for example the lost of a loved one, had a baby (depression after birth), recently divorced, constant stress, substance abuse, or any other life changing event. How do you know if you are going through a depression? Well here are some symptoms: Sadness and loss of satisfaction in things once enjoyed are probably the most known symptoms. But some symptoms are sometimes overlooked. Guilt is one symptom that coincides with depression immensely. When feelings of guilt are put on a person they lose what hope they once had. They blame themselves for things that they are not accountable for and have extreme feelings of hopelessness. Other symptoms overlooked are insomnia and loss of appetite. Not getting enough sleep may be linked to stress and guilt. Feeling hopeless, worthless or guilty. Losing energy or feeling tired all the time. Having problems concentrating, remembering, or making decisions and one of the most important symptom is thinking about death or hurting one self. Depressed individuals have shorter life expectancies  than those without depression, in part because of greater susceptibility to  medical  illnesses and suicide. There are three different types of depression. Major Depression is the most severe case of depression that there is. The symptoms for Major Depression are just like any other type of depression. To be Majorly Depressed you do not have to have been hospitalized or medicated. Lots of people get depression confused with extreme sadness. Depression is not a term just to be thrown around; it is a evere state of being. The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the patient’s self-reported experiences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and a  mental status examination. Typically, patients are treated with  antidepressant medication and, in many cases, also receive  psychotherapy  or counseling, although the effectiveness of medication for mild or moderate cases is questionable. Dysthymic D epression is a low level of depression that lasts up to at least two years and in most cases longer. When one is diagnosed with Dysthymic Depression they are very resistant to treatment. Although Dysthymic Depression is not as severe as Major depression it is still very important. Dysthymics will usually undergo a Major Depression episode sometime during their dysthymic period. Bipolar Depression, also known as, Manic Depression, is yet another type of Depression. This type has very different symptoms than that of Major Depression or Dysthymia. The symptoms of Bipolar Disorder are having both very high and very low mood swings. When one has Manic Depression one day they could be extremely happy and the next in a very severe depressive mood. This change in mood can happen over hours or over a period of time. Sometimes depression can be avoided all together. Having a good home life and a high self-esteem would be primary for people not to be depressed. Although in some cases you are predisposition to have depression, little things do help. Talking about your problems and not bottling them up helps immensely to avoid emotional breakdowns and blowups. Avoiding extreme â€Å"stressers,† like putting yourself in a situation you cannot get out of, also helps. Avoidance of cigarettes and alcohol also helps with staying healthy and happy. Offer goodwill to others, learn to detach from thoughts, keep busy, avoid feelings of guilt, live a balanced life, don’t base your happiness solely on other people, have low expectations, don’t dwell on the negative, exercise, get a regular sleep schedule, have healthy meals, and a very important one is to talk to a rofessional like a counselor or psychologist. [pic] Facts †¢ Almost 10 percent of Americans have depression in a given year. †¢ Depression is the leading cause of disability in the U. S. for people ages 15 to 44. †¢ Depression is one of the most common and treatable mental health disorders. †¢ Major depression can occur in children, teens, and adults. †¢ Most patients who have depression can be effectively treated, and they can return to their normal activities and feelings. †¢ Depression distorts your thinking. When you are depressed, your mind can play tricks on you. †¢ Depression makes you selfish. It’s very hard to think of other  people  when you’re wrapped in a prickly blanket of sadness, and all you can think about is your own pain †¢ People don’t choose to be depressed, but they do make a choice about how to deal with it †¢ Depression can be as hard on your loved ones as it is on you †¢ In the United States, around 3. 4% of  people  with major depression commit  suicide, and up to 60% of people who commit suicide had depression or another mood disorder How to cite Depression, Essay examples Depression Free Essays INFORMATIVE SPEECH OUTLINE DEPRESSION JIMENA VILLEGAS SPC1017 INTRODUCTION Hook: How many of you are going through depression? Or do you have friends and/or family members who are going through depression? Thesis Statement: Today I will talk about depression. I will talk about the background, the causes of this disease, the symptoms and finally, the treatment and prevention of depression. BODY I. We will write a custom essay sample on Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now Background A. What is depression? 1. According to Dr. Jane Doe from www. health. yahoo. com, â€Å"Depression is a mood disorder that makes you feel sad or hopeless for a period of time†. Dr John Doe states in his article, The People Who Suffer from Depression that â€Å"Depression can have a significant impact on the enjoyment of your life, your work, your health and to the people who care about you†. Depression affects people differently. Some people feel down for a period of time and others feelings come and go. If you have short term depression you are still able to work and take care of daily activities. But if you have a long period of depression and don’t seek any kind of treatment; you are more at risk of becoming even more depressed or becoming physically ill. B. How many people are affected by depression? 1. According to the health professionals at, www. nmha. org. com â€Å"Depression has affected more than 19 million American adults each year. And yet, the non-reported sufferers of depression cannot be estimated. Depressive illness often interferes with normal functions of every day life, as well as, causing physical pain for those who suffer from depression. Serious depression can destroy family’s lives as well as the person affected. A lot of people, who are depressed, do not seek help or treatment†. II. Causes of depression A. According to www. psychlogyinfo. com, depression is often caused by a stressful life event, illnesses, or certain drugs or medication. B. Depression can be caused by a serious loss, relationship problems, and work stress, family crisis, financial problems, or any unwelcome life change. III. Symptoms A. Depression is more than just the normal, temporary felling of sadness and hopelessness. It has other factors that your health care professional can help you with. B. Dr Jane Doe claims â€Å"Depression has other symptoms†. Her article on www. harvardmedical. com, provides many examples of symptoms. Here are a few from her list: a. Depressive mood. b. Not enjoying the daily activities in your life. c. Problems concentrating. d. Poor memory. e. Having trouble making decisions. f. Changes in eating habits. g. Weight gain or weight loss. h. Changes in eating habits. i. Difficulty going to work or taking care of daily responsibilities. j. Slow thoughts and speech. k. Feeling guilt and hopelessness. Wondering if life is worth living. l. Thoughts of death and suicide. IV. Treatment/Prevention A. Depression is usually treated successfully with professional counseling and/or prescribed medication. People with depression can be treated as outpatients or in some cases a person has to be hospitalized. B. According to www. health. org. com, here are some ways to prevent you from becoming depressed. a. Try to be with other people. It’s better than being alone. b. Participate in activities that may make you feel better. c. Mild exercise. d. Going to a movie, a ballgame, or participating in religious, social, or other activities that may help. e. Most importantly let your family and friends help. CONCLUSION Today I’ve talked about depression. I’ve given you the background, causes, symptoms, and treatment options available for depression. According to the American Psychiatric Association, at least 3 in 10 people will become depressed in their lifetime. That means at least 30% of you could suffer from depression. Even though depression is a very stressful and serious disease, we should always protect ourselves from getting it. Always ask your family and friends for help. They can be the most helpful people in your life. Get treatment as soon as you can. Remember your loved ones are there for you. Don’t hesitate. Depression is a very dangerous disease that can affect your loved ones, and especially How to cite Depression, Essay examples

Odd and Even Pricing

Introduction Firms are established with the goal of maximizing the level of their profitability. However, the attainment of this goal might be subject to diverse macro environmental changes. For example, the intensity of competition may shrink a firm’s profitability potential. Additionally, changes in the economic environment may affect the consumers’ purchasing power.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Odd and Even Pricing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite these market dynamics, managers should have an obligation to ensure that their businesses attain an optimal market position, which highlights the significance of adopting effective strategic management practice. One of the aspects that managers should consider in an effort to promote their firms’ competitive advantage relates to pricing. Caplin and Leahy (80) argue that a significant proportion of firms have not incorporated p ricing in their strategic framework. Therefore, the prices of their products are based on naive pricing rules. Price is a critical component that organizational managers should consider in their effort to influence the consumers’ decision-making process. Choi, Kiljae, and Yong-Yeon (603) emphasize that consumers are very sensitive to price. Despite their level of sensitivity, the consumers’ purchasing decision is motivated by the need to maximize their level of utility. This aspect underscores why firms should adopt an optimal pricing format in order to attract and retain customers, hence increasing the profit maximization potential. This paper evaluates the concept of pricing format by focusing on the odd and even pricing formats. Moreover, the relevant theories that support the two pricing formats are also assessed. In this study, it is assumed that the price ending strategy does not communicate the quality of the product. Literature review Analysis Previous studies have led to the development of different theories in an effort to explain consumer behaviors. Some of these theories include the prospect, expected utility, and the cumulative prospect theories.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The expected utility theory This theory postulates that consumers face risky prospects and uncertainties in their purchasing decision-making process. The risky outcomes emanate from the view that they are faced by a wide range bundles of goods and services from which they are required to select. Thus, their decision-making process is undertaken by assessing the expected utility values, which refers to the degree of consumer preference. Consequently, if the utility of product A is greater than that of product B [U (A)U (B)], then the consumer will prefer product A to B. Under conditions of uncertainty, the consumers’ choice is based on t he expected utility, which is a summation of all possible (n) utilities with regard to the various outcomes (Oi).The model below illustrates the formula of the expected utilities. Source: (Caplin and Leahy 65). The prospect theory This theory emphasizes the psychological component of consumer choice. The theory is based on the element of uncertainity in the consumers’ purchasing process. The theory contends that consumers follow two main stages in making decisions involving risky options. The first phase is characterized by editing or simplification of the situation faced by assesing the associated gains and losses. For example, the decision to purchase a car worth $ 20,000 may be simplified into gaining the automobile and losing the $ 20,000. However, the process of simplifying the purchase decision varies from one situation to another. This aspect means that the prospect is influenced by the situational circumstances. Caplin and Leahy (63) assert that the consumers’ purchasing decision is based the edited prospects. Subsquently, the process followed in editing the prospects is fundamental in determining the consumers’ purchasing decision.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Odd and Even Pricing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second phase entails making a choice on the most effective options available. The choice of the edited options is influenced by the weight and the apparent value of the options. Consumers select the option that has the highest combined value. Therefore, the prospect theory emphasizes the importance of establishing a reference point. According to the prospect theory, the value of a particular product is determined by comparing with that of another. The cumulative prospect theory This theory is an improvement of the expected utility theory. Nielson and Stowe (31) assert that this theory is comprized of three critical components. The fir st component entails the value function, which takes into account the gains associated with selecting a particular product. The second component entails the loss aversion function. Nielson and Stowe assert that the loss aversion function â€Å"tranforms utilities over gains into utilities over corresponding losses† (32). Under this function, consumers are risk seeking over losses and risk averse over gains. The third component entails the weighing function. According to the cumulative prospect theory, consumers are more concerned about losses than gains associated with purchasing a particular product. Furthermore, the cumulative prospective theory asserts that consumers have diverse risk attitude. The following model describes the cumulative prospect theory of a risky outcome, where p= probability, v= the value function, w= weighing function, and F (x) is the cumulative probabilities all values up to x. Source: (Caplin and Leahy 65)Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pricing formats Marketers are cognizant of the view that effective product pricing plays a fundamental role in maximizing revenue, and hence the level of profitability. Furthermore, marketers have the capacity to influence the consumers’ purchasing decision by adopting effective pricing strategies. One of the marketing strategies that have extensively been utilized by marketers is psychological pricing strategy. The decision to adopt this pricing strategy arises from the need to â€Å"appeal the consumers’ emotions and perceptions in their purchase decision-making process† (Chovancova 29). In addition, Chovancova asserts that the consumers’ decision to buy a â€Å"particular product is based on the perception of the price point set by marketers rather than the actual money price† (29). Chovancova further emphasizes that customers â€Å"react diffently if the price is broken into parts or the product or service is bundled with other items† (2 9). Therefore, it is imperative for marketers to take into account the consumers’ perceptions in setting the price point. Odd and even pricing formats Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra (1) define odd-end pricing as a price setting strategy whereby the price of a product is set a few cents below the rounding end counterpart. Examples of odd-end pricing include $3.99 and $3.95, which is just below $4.00. On the other hand, even pricing strategy, refers to a pricing strategy whereby the price point of a product is set at a whole number, for example $4. Even-end pricing strategy is not as attractive amongst retailers as compared to odd-end pricing. This assertion arises from the view that even-end pricing is not effective in enhancing market communication, hence its ineffectiveness in influencing the consumers’ purchasing decision (Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra 2). Odd-end pricing is one of the most common psychological pricing strategies am ongst marketers. Findings of previous studies show that the probability of consumers purchasing products whose prices end with a 9 is higher as compared to products whose prices end with 0, for example $ 99.99 versus $ 100.00 (Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra 1). However, the effectiveness of odd-end pricing varies between utilitarian and hedonic produts. Hedonic products mainly incude luxuries while utilitarian products refer to the necesities. Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra (1) are of the opinion that odd-ending pricing is more effective in influencing the consumers’ decision to purchase hedonic products as compared to utilitarian products. Consumers consider odd-end pricing as a way of communicating the price discount being offered. Consumers develop the perception that purchasing a product whose price is set using odd-end pricing is equivalent to recieving a price discount of the amount subtracted from the nearest whole number. Thus, odd-en d pricing is effective in communicating the unexpected gains associated with purchasing the product. Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra assert that odd-end pricing â€Å"is characterized by a high degree of pursuasiveness of gain-framed versus loss-framed messages† (3). Additionally, Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra (2) assert that odd-end pricing plays a fundamental role in stimulating the demand for a product. According to Schindler (Relative price level 245), odd-end pricing communicates low price to consumers. Retailers are increasingly exploiting rightmost digits in an effort to indicate the competitiveness of their products to consumers. Schindler (The 99 price ending 74) is of the opinion that odd-end pricing has a positive effect on a firm’s revenue. The effectiveness of odd-end pricing arises from the view that this pricing strategy is effective in communicating a positive image regarding the price of the product to consumers. Schin dler and Kibarian (95) are of the view that using odd-end pricing is likeliy to minimize price sensitivity amongst consumers. Furthermore, odd-end pricing communicates that consumers are not likely to find the product being sold at another outlet at a price lower than the price being offered. Therefore, the 99 ending pricing strategy is the most effective in communicatig the strongest expectations of recieving a product at a low price. Relationship between price ending and consumer choice theory According to the prospect theory, the consumers’ choice of a product is based on a reference point. This assertion means that consumers are faced by a bundle of goods from which they are required to select the product that will result in utility maximization. Despite the view that consumers aim at maximizing utility, they are constrained by their budget. Consequently, they tend to select a bundle of goods that results in maximum utility. The use of odd-end pricing such as the 9-ending communicates that the retailer is issuing a discount to the consumer. Therefore, the consumer develops the perception that purchasing a product with odd-end pricing will enhance the likelihood of achieving the expected level of utility. One of the core components of the prospect theory is the value function. Using odd-end pricing as opposed to 0-ending plays a fundamental role in communicating the gains associated with purchasing a given product. The expectation of recieving a gain from purchasing a product ending with 9 improves the consumers’ perception of the product, which is referred to as the percieved-gain effect. However, the gain recieved is disproportionate to the percieved discount (Schindler and Kirby 193). Conclusion Consumers are price-sensitive in the thier purchasing process. Therefore, price is one of factors that they evaluate before making a purchasing decision. Despite this aspect, retailers have an opportunity to influence the consumers’ purchasin g decision-making process. This goal can be achieved by adopting effecitve pricing strategies. Retailers should consider pricing as a critical aspect in thier strategic framework. Psychological pricing is one of the most effective strategies that retailers can adopt in thier quest to influence the consumers’ purchasing decision. The effectiveness of psychological pricing strategy arises from its ability to influence the consumers’ perception on the price point. Odd-end pricing strategy has extensively been used by marketers in an effort to influence the consumers’ purchase decizion. The above analysis shows that odd end pricing is effective in communicating value and expected gains to customers, which underscores the principles of the expected utility theory. Through odd-end pricing, consumers develop the perception that the set price has taken into account the discount. Thus, consumers assume that the difference between the price point and the nearest roundoff figure is equal to the price discount offered. Furthermore, odd-end pricing is aligned with the prospect theory, which argues that consumers are required to select the products that will result in utility maximization. However, the consumers’ choice of the bundle of goods is influenced by the price of the product. Therefore, consumers select a particular product based on the price, which acts as the reference point. The analysis above shows that pricing is an important element that retailers should consider in their strategic management practices. The pricing strategy adopted determines the extent to which the firm influences the consumers’ purchasing decision, and hence the likelihood of achieving the profit maximization objective. Works Cited Caplin, Andrew, and John Leahy. â€Å"Psychological expected utility theory and anticipatory feelings.† The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2.2(2001): 59-80. Print. 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Print. —. â€Å"The 99 price ending as a signnal of a low price appeal.† Journal of Retailing  82.1 (2006): 71-77. Print. Schindler, Robert, and Patrick Kirby. â€Å"Patterns of rightmost digits used in advertized prices: implications for nine-ending effects.† Journal of Consumer Research 24.2 (2003): 192-202. Print. Schindler, Robert, and Thomas Kibarian. â€Å"Image communicated by the use of 99 ending in advertized.† Journal of Advertizing 30.4(2001): 96-112. Print. This research paper on Odd and Even Pricing was written and submitted by user Mary Jane Watson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.