Free Essays on The Simile Of The Cave

In Plato’s work â€Å"The Simile of the Cave†, Socrates discusses such topics as numbness of men, and edification. You can contrast this with regular day to day existence, yet I contemplate legislative issues. He says â€Å" Society will never be administered either by the uneducated, who have no information on the truth†¦ the scholarly people will make no commonsense move voluntarily, liking themselves to be incredible in some natural paradise.† He accepts that the present individuals who are living and running society, are blinded by their concept of what is correct, and have no will to change their perspectives. It’s far simpler to experience life aside from all that you are instructed, and testing nothing or anybody. Later he proceeds to discuss how in ones lifetime he gets the opportunity to suspend himself from the â€Å"cave† (jail) and increase more information about himself and others. At that point you are additionally ready to show o thers your discoveries and encounters. Be that as it may, you can’t simply carry on with your life all alone, Socrates says: later you will need to return to society and despite the fact that things may not be there ASAP, at any rate you will know what your identity is, and consider things to be they genuinely may be.... Free Essays on The Simile Of The Cave Free Essays on The Simile Of The Cave In Plato’s work â€Å"The Simile of the Cave†, Socrates discusses such topics as numbness of men, and illumination. You can contrast this with regular day to day existence, however I contemplate governmental issues. He says â€Å" Society will never be administered either by the uneducated, who have no information on the truth†¦ the scholarly people will make no down to earth move voluntarily, liking themselves to be awesome in some natural paradise.† He accepts that the present individuals who are living and running society, are blinded by their concept of what is correct, and have no will to change their perspectives. It’s far simpler to experience life aside from all that you are instructed, and testing nothing or anybody. Later he proceeds to discuss how in ones lifetime he gets the opportunity to suspend himself from the â€Å"cave† (jail) and increase more information about himself and others. At that point you are additionally ready to s how others your discoveries and encounters. In any case, you can’t simply carry on with your life all alone, Socrates says: later you will need to return to society and despite the fact that things may not be there ASAP, in any event you will know what your identity is, and consider things to be they genuinely may be....

What is the stated purpose of Canadian multicultural policy Has Essay

What is the expressed motivation behind Canadian multicultural strategy Has multiculturalism been fruitful for whom - Essay Example This investigation currently tries to set up the expressed reason for the Canadian multicultural arrangement. It likewise looks to answer whether multiculturalism has been fruitful, and on the off chance that it has, for whom it has been a triumph. This investigation is being embraced so as to build up a far reaching comprehension of Canada’s multicultural strategy, remembering its effect and its suggestions for the present patterns of globalization. The motivation behind the multiculturalism approach of Canada is to â€Å"recognize and advance the understanding that multiculturalism mirrors the social and racial assorted variety of Canadian culture and that multiculturalism is a crucial attribute of the Canadian legacy and identity† (National Capital Commission, n.d, p. 1). Basically, the strategy additionally intends to approach government organizations to do their projects and undertakings in due thought of multiculturalism; and to execute different exercises with a pinch of affectability and because of the multicultural setting of Canada (National Capital Commission, n.d). In more detail, the Canadian Multiculturalism Act presents that the Canadian government recognizes and bolsters the way that multiculturalism communicates the social and ethnic decent variety of their general public and perceives the privilege of the individuals to save and offer their legacy (Canadian Multiculturalism Act, 1988). Their approach additionally recognizes and bolsters the understanding that multiculturalism is a significant trait of Canada’s society and that it helps shape the fate of Canadian culture. The arrangement additionally underpins the all encompassing and equivalent support of the individuals from different ethnicities in all parts of Canadian culture, helping them in annihilating obstructions to cooperation (Canadian Multiculturalism Act, 1988). The reason for the demonstration is likewise to perceive that different

Life or something like it

Life or something like it Sometimes I secretly wish for exciting things to happen to me so that I can write some sort of blazingly exotic blog entry full of exclamation points and intruige. But alas, my life is full of the same sorts of things every day: School. Drop Date, the last date undergraduates are allowed to drop a class without penalty, was last Wednesday, so Im in all my classes for the long haul. (Truth be told, Ive never dropped a class here. But its kind of nice to know that I can until almost three-quarters of the way through the semester.) Most of my classes are going along swimmingly; for example, we had a great discussion in 7.31 (Current Topics in Mammalian Biology) about stem cell research with Professor Jaenisch, who is basically one of the gods of stem cell research. The man is a pioneer in his field, is routinely quoted in the New York Times, and he knows my name. So cool. Work. My postdoc and I are trying to finish some experiments with publication-quality data by Christmas so we can hopefully get published by the time I graduate. Luckily Ill be at the lab 40(+) hours a week during IAP, so whatever doesnt get finished before Christmas can definitely get finished in January. I have a lot of neurons to image on the confocal microscope between now and Christmas. Cheerleading. We have three basketball games to cheer for this week (one was tonight). I went straight from the lab to the game, and changed into my cheerleading uniform in the lab bathroom. Of course, according to Murphys Law, I passed two professors in the hallway after changing into my uniform. Sweet. Christmas? It was 60 degrees in Cambridge today, which makes it hard to listen to Christmas music on ones iPod. It just doesnt feel very Christmasy. Nonetheless, the intrepid Adam hung some lights so we could tool in the semi-dark. He also decorated our suite door. Grad school apps. Seven are done, one just needs about another half-hour of work (I need to look through faculty bios and pick the professors with whom I could see myself working). My transcripts are in, my GRE scores have been sent, my fees have been paid, my letters of recommendation have been sent (except for one of my writers and I reminded him nicely yesterday to GET IT DONE). Now theres nothing to do but wait. Um, boo? Thats pretty much it. But hey, Im kind of okay with that at the moment. Questions and other such things: 1. War of the Worlds. Ben forgot to mention the major plotline of the movie in which Dakota Fanning screams. A lot. Im with Ben in that I fully believe that anyone capable of planting machines in the earth a million years prior to taking over said earth would be fully capable of marching into any doctors office and raiding their stash of penicillin. Lets not even touch my pedantic bio nerd point: it wouldnt have been possible a million years ago (or, like, 100,000 years ago) to predict that the human population would have experienced such a huge population explosion. Harumph. 2. Clark notes that Christmas tree hunting would be a great deal more entertaining if the trees would just liven up a bit. I have to admit that, although Im not a fan of indiscriminately mopping living things (I am, after all, a quasi-vegetarian), it would be pretty sweet if the trees ran around a little and we could stalk the wild evergreen in its natural habitat.

Essay on Voyage and Psychological Development in Homers...

The Voyage and Psychological Development in Homers Odyssey Homers Odyssey arguably stands out head and shoulders above any other piece of epic literature produced by Western civilization for nearly three millennia. Most remarkable is the extent to which the Western hero archetype is to this day still a result of the molding that occurred upon the character of Odysseus so long ago. In imagining a police lineup of the most profoundly influencing protagonists of Western epic poetry, surely Odysseus would impress in stature and roguish airs far beyond the others for is not the gray-eyed Athena, daughter of rain-bringing Zeus himself, bound in devotion to this mortal hero? It is she who repeatedly enhances Odysseus appearance so†¦show more content†¦The sea goddess, Leucothea gives voice to Odysseus singular ability to survive on both land and sea, in the physical and in the psychological realms: Ill-fated man, why is the earth-shaker Poseidon So strikingly angry that he spawns you these many ills? He will not wear you down, however he may desire it. (5.339-41) The tempering and strengthening of ego by the forces which the gods unleash upon Odysseus function to cement his inward journey along with the external evolution he undergoes from sacker of cities to a man of deep feeling. The end product of such an evolution comprise what was in Homers time, and remains in ours, the new hero. Odysseus challenge is not only to think on his feet in battle but to reach a depth of soul engendered from the threats and creatures which defy the ordinary imagination. The Odyssey is the story of one mans encounter with the unconscious and his subsequent survival. The myth of the new hero, as embodied by Odysseus, stands in sharp relief to the poignant lamentations uttered by Achilles shade in the underworld: Noble Odysseus, do not commend death to me. I would rather serve on the land of another man Who had no portion and not a great livelihood Than to rule over all the shades of those who are dead. (11.488-91) For Achilles, no personal reward has been won from the TrojanShow MoreRelated Tom Robbins Jitterbug Perfume Essay3119 Words   |  13 PagesJitterbug Perfume In his 1984 novel Jitterbug Perfume, Tom Robbins presents a narrative that rivals the often fantastical tales told in myth. Using classical mythology as a foundation, and, in particular, providing a loose adaptation of The Odyssey by Homer, Robbins updates and modifies characters and concepts in an effort to reinforce the importance of the journey of life and the discovery of self. Like the ancient myth-makers, Robbins commands the reader’s attention with outrageous situationsRead MoreGreek Mythology8088 Words   |  33 Pages  Greek   mythology.  Athena  (known  as  Minerva  in  Roman  mythology)  was  protector  of  numerous  Greek  cities,  especially   Athens,  and  was  associated  with  industry,  art,  wisdom,  and  warfare.  In  the  two  major  epics  of  Greek  antiquity,  the   Iliad  and  the  Odyssey,  Athena  fought  on  the  side  of  the  Greeks  in  the  T rojan  War  and  aided  Odysseus  in  his  return   home  from  the  war.  The  Greeks  dedicated  numerous  buildings  and  shrines  to  Athena,  including  the  prominent   temple  in  Athens,  the  Parthenon.  This  ancient

What to Do About Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay

What to Do About Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay It normally appears in the very first paragraph of an essay. In a brief paper, a thesis statement should be found at the close of the intro paragraph. It is a one or two sentence summary of the main purpose of the paper. Order a superior essay example written through an experienced writer from our professional agency. Thesis statement examples for research papers ought to be collected by the students to be aware of the exact means of writing it. Not just that but students will be in a position to access their online courses and be in a position to follow along with the lecture through powerpoints. Each student moves through her or his own procedure and at their own pace. Strong College students shouldn't need to take a necessary core curriculum. Lies You've Been Told About Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay To learn what your controlling idea is, you've got to examine and assess your evidence. You will soon locate t he official data about us. The aforementioned kind of thesis sets up the body of your complete argument. Reading recent research can help you to decide your position and compose a more powerful, well-informed argument. Top Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay Secrets When you're done writing, it's important to get someone take another look at your paper so that you are able to ensure there are not any mistakes or errors. The cost of an essay is dependent upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. Your orders will be done exactly as you desire. Keep revising your own idea till you get original and intriguing claims which you are excited to write about. If after following the steps and taking note of the advice and tricks, you find it difficult to compose a crucial analysis, don't be afraid to ask support from EssayPro. Cyber bullying puts lots of stress on a lot of teens, and can result in depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts. The topic is simply too la rge to really say something new and meaningful. The actual individuals highly praise our essay help site. Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay and Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay - The Perfect Combination Your readers could be high, sick, scared, or all the above mentioned. The thesis statement functions as a brief overview of the writer's stance in the debate, helping readers understand what's going to appear in the remainder of the paper. You will not locate a thesis statement generator online which is able to make an original argument which will not bore the reader. Evaluate whether the author has achieved the purpose of their written work. Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay - Is it a Scam? Or you might have to revise your thesis to coordinate with the evidence and insights that you wish to go over. Therefore, such statement should not be overly large or general, as it defines the essential route for the paper. Purpose statements also work nicely in abstracts. A thesis statement must be specific, highlighting statements that you are just about to make in your paper and backing this up with an evidence. Still, there are a number of basic guidelines to remember when it regards an argumentative thesis statement. If you're still uncertain about how to compose a thesis statement or what a great thesis statement is, be certain to talk with your teacher or professor to make sure that you're on the right path. Above all, a great thesis statement creates a statement. It will accomplish the same thing. You should make your argument as clear and specific as possible. Keep in mind an argument essay ought to be somewhat persuasive. Our website is just one of the most appropriate for essay help. You can rely on the ideal essay help online. You have to make sure you keep on that 1 side during your whole essay. Simply fill in the blanks about the subject of your essay and that which you plan to prove and you're done. This kind of essay is supposed to persuade the reader to accept a specific viewpoint. Writing a persuasive, argumentative essay can be challenging, and at times it can find a little confusing. You will get unique texts, which will be finished in time. Every paper you write need to have a major point, a principal notion, or central message. Many are highly-reputed. The Good, the Bad and Thesis Statement Argumentative Essay Picking a kind of claim or argument can help you keep your thesis from becoming too wide. You should first choose a good topic with an argument, credible information to back up your viewpoint, a good stance on your side, and a superb counter-argument to assist you sound less biased. Feedback during any portion of the workshop must stay positive and affirming, particularly during th e conference.

Depression Free Essays

Depression is not only a state of being sad, it is a disease that conquers the ability to feel emotion, whether good or bad, whatsoever. Depression not only involves the mind, it also involves the body and thoughts. Depression is not a disease that only influences males or children of the age three to eleven. We will write a custom essay sample on Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every human being is prone to depression. Although women are three times more likely to become depressed than men, men are five times more likely to commit suicide when depressed than women. Although all age groups are open to depression, teenagers are the most common to be heard of being affected by the disease. This is probably because of peer pressure and the changes in their life. One great risk for becoming depressed is if you smoke. Some scientists hold to believe that smoking may be linked to Depression. Tobacco smoke kills off an enzyme that is responsible for breaking down a nerve cell chemical that activates pleasure seeking behavior. Most experts believe a combination of family history (your genes) and stressful life events may cause depression. Genes: people whose family members have had depression are more likely to go through a depression period. Life events are a major cause of depression for example the lost of a loved one, had a baby (depression after birth), recently divorced, constant stress, substance abuse, or any other life changing event. How do you know if you are going through a depression? Well here are some symptoms: Sadness and loss of satisfaction in things once enjoyed are probably the most known symptoms. But some symptoms are sometimes overlooked. Guilt is one symptom that coincides with depression immensely. When feelings of guilt are put on a person they lose what hope they once had. They blame themselves for things that they are not accountable for and have extreme feelings of hopelessness. Other symptoms overlooked are insomnia and loss of appetite. Not getting enough sleep may be linked to stress and guilt. Feeling hopeless, worthless or guilty. Losing energy or feeling tired all the time. Having problems concentrating, remembering, or making decisions and one of the most important symptom is thinking about death or hurting one self. Depressed individuals have shorter life expectancies  than those without depression, in part because of greater susceptibility to  medical  illnesses and suicide. There are three different types of depression. Major Depression is the most severe case of depression that there is. The symptoms for Major Depression are just like any other type of depression. To be Majorly Depressed you do not have to have been hospitalized or medicated. Lots of people get depression confused with extreme sadness. Depression is not a term just to be thrown around; it is a evere state of being. The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the patient’s self-reported experiences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and a  mental status examination. Typically, patients are treated with  antidepressant medication and, in many cases, also receive  psychotherapy  or counseling, although the effectiveness of medication for mild or moderate cases is questionable. Dysthymic D epression is a low level of depression that lasts up to at least two years and in most cases longer. When one is diagnosed with Dysthymic Depression they are very resistant to treatment. Although Dysthymic Depression is not as severe as Major depression it is still very important. Dysthymics will usually undergo a Major Depression episode sometime during their dysthymic period. Bipolar Depression, also known as, Manic Depression, is yet another type of Depression. This type has very different symptoms than that of Major Depression or Dysthymia. The symptoms of Bipolar Disorder are having both very high and very low mood swings. When one has Manic Depression one day they could be extremely happy and the next in a very severe depressive mood. This change in mood can happen over hours or over a period of time. Sometimes depression can be avoided all together. Having a good home life and a high self-esteem would be primary for people not to be depressed. Although in some cases you are predisposition to have depression, little things do help. Talking about your problems and not bottling them up helps immensely to avoid emotional breakdowns and blowups. Avoiding extreme â€Å"stressers,† like putting yourself in a situation you cannot get out of, also helps. Avoidance of cigarettes and alcohol also helps with staying healthy and happy. Offer goodwill to others, learn to detach from thoughts, keep busy, avoid feelings of guilt, live a balanced life, don’t base your happiness solely on other people, have low expectations, don’t dwell on the negative, exercise, get a regular sleep schedule, have healthy meals, and a very important one is to talk to a rofessional like a counselor or psychologist. [pic] Facts †¢ Almost 10 percent of Americans have depression in a given year. †¢ Depression is the leading cause of disability in the U. S. for people ages 15 to 44. †¢ Depression is one of the most common and treatable mental health disorders. †¢ Major depression can occur in children, teens, and adults. †¢ Most patients who have depression can be effectively treated, and they can return to their normal activities and feelings. †¢ Depression distorts your thinking. When you are depressed, your mind can play tricks on you. †¢ Depression makes you selfish. It’s very hard to think of other  people  when you’re wrapped in a prickly blanket of sadness, and all you can think about is your own pain †¢ People don’t choose to be depressed, but they do make a choice about how to deal with it †¢ Depression can be as hard on your loved ones as it is on you †¢ In the United States, around 3. 4% of  people  with major depression commit  suicide, and up to 60% of people who commit suicide had depression or another mood disorder How to cite Depression, Essay examples Depression Free Essays INFORMATIVE SPEECH OUTLINE DEPRESSION JIMENA VILLEGAS SPC1017 INTRODUCTION Hook: How many of you are going through depression? Or do you have friends and/or family members who are going through depression? Thesis Statement: Today I will talk about depression. I will talk about the background, the causes of this disease, the symptoms and finally, the treatment and prevention of depression. BODY I. We will write a custom essay sample on Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now Background A. What is depression? 1. According to Dr. Jane Doe from www. health. yahoo. com, â€Å"Depression is a mood disorder that makes you feel sad or hopeless for a period of time†. Dr John Doe states in his article, The People Who Suffer from Depression that â€Å"Depression can have a significant impact on the enjoyment of your life, your work, your health and to the people who care about you†. Depression affects people differently. Some people feel down for a period of time and others feelings come and go. If you have short term depression you are still able to work and take care of daily activities. But if you have a long period of depression and don’t seek any kind of treatment; you are more at risk of becoming even more depressed or becoming physically ill. B. How many people are affected by depression? 1. According to the health professionals at, www. nmha. org. com â€Å"Depression has affected more than 19 million American adults each year. And yet, the non-reported sufferers of depression cannot be estimated. Depressive illness often interferes with normal functions of every day life, as well as, causing physical pain for those who suffer from depression. Serious depression can destroy family’s lives as well as the person affected. A lot of people, who are depressed, do not seek help or treatment†. II. Causes of depression A. According to www. psychlogyinfo. com, depression is often caused by a stressful life event, illnesses, or certain drugs or medication. B. Depression can be caused by a serious loss, relationship problems, and work stress, family crisis, financial problems, or any unwelcome life change. III. Symptoms A. Depression is more than just the normal, temporary felling of sadness and hopelessness. It has other factors that your health care professional can help you with. B. Dr Jane Doe claims â€Å"Depression has other symptoms†. Her article on www. harvardmedical. com, provides many examples of symptoms. Here are a few from her list: a. Depressive mood. b. Not enjoying the daily activities in your life. c. Problems concentrating. d. Poor memory. e. Having trouble making decisions. f. Changes in eating habits. g. Weight gain or weight loss. h. Changes in eating habits. i. Difficulty going to work or taking care of daily responsibilities. j. Slow thoughts and speech. k. Feeling guilt and hopelessness. Wondering if life is worth living. l. Thoughts of death and suicide. IV. Treatment/Prevention A. Depression is usually treated successfully with professional counseling and/or prescribed medication. People with depression can be treated as outpatients or in some cases a person has to be hospitalized. B. According to www. health. org. com, here are some ways to prevent you from becoming depressed. a. Try to be with other people. It’s better than being alone. b. Participate in activities that may make you feel better. c. Mild exercise. d. Going to a movie, a ballgame, or participating in religious, social, or other activities that may help. e. Most importantly let your family and friends help. CONCLUSION Today I’ve talked about depression. I’ve given you the background, causes, symptoms, and treatment options available for depression. According to the American Psychiatric Association, at least 3 in 10 people will become depressed in their lifetime. That means at least 30% of you could suffer from depression. Even though depression is a very stressful and serious disease, we should always protect ourselves from getting it. Always ask your family and friends for help. They can be the most helpful people in your life. Get treatment as soon as you can. Remember your loved ones are there for you. Don’t hesitate. Depression is a very dangerous disease that can affect your loved ones, and especially How to cite Depression, Essay examples

Odd and Even Pricing

Introduction Firms are established with the goal of maximizing the level of their profitability. However, the attainment of this goal might be subject to diverse macro environmental changes. For example, the intensity of competition may shrink a firm’s profitability potential. Additionally, changes in the economic environment may affect the consumers’ purchasing power.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Odd and Even Pricing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite these market dynamics, managers should have an obligation to ensure that their businesses attain an optimal market position, which highlights the significance of adopting effective strategic management practice. One of the aspects that managers should consider in an effort to promote their firms’ competitive advantage relates to pricing. Caplin and Leahy (80) argue that a significant proportion of firms have not incorporated p ricing in their strategic framework. Therefore, the prices of their products are based on naive pricing rules. Price is a critical component that organizational managers should consider in their effort to influence the consumers’ decision-making process. Choi, Kiljae, and Yong-Yeon (603) emphasize that consumers are very sensitive to price. Despite their level of sensitivity, the consumers’ purchasing decision is motivated by the need to maximize their level of utility. This aspect underscores why firms should adopt an optimal pricing format in order to attract and retain customers, hence increasing the profit maximization potential. This paper evaluates the concept of pricing format by focusing on the odd and even pricing formats. Moreover, the relevant theories that support the two pricing formats are also assessed. In this study, it is assumed that the price ending strategy does not communicate the quality of the product. Literature review Analysis Previous studies have led to the development of different theories in an effort to explain consumer behaviors. Some of these theories include the prospect, expected utility, and the cumulative prospect theories.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The expected utility theory This theory postulates that consumers face risky prospects and uncertainties in their purchasing decision-making process. The risky outcomes emanate from the view that they are faced by a wide range bundles of goods and services from which they are required to select. Thus, their decision-making process is undertaken by assessing the expected utility values, which refers to the degree of consumer preference. Consequently, if the utility of product A is greater than that of product B [U (A)U (B)], then the consumer will prefer product A to B. Under conditions of uncertainty, the consumers’ choice is based on t he expected utility, which is a summation of all possible (n) utilities with regard to the various outcomes (Oi).The model below illustrates the formula of the expected utilities. Source: (Caplin and Leahy 65). The prospect theory This theory emphasizes the psychological component of consumer choice. The theory is based on the element of uncertainity in the consumers’ purchasing process. The theory contends that consumers follow two main stages in making decisions involving risky options. The first phase is characterized by editing or simplification of the situation faced by assesing the associated gains and losses. For example, the decision to purchase a car worth $ 20,000 may be simplified into gaining the automobile and losing the $ 20,000. However, the process of simplifying the purchase decision varies from one situation to another. This aspect means that the prospect is influenced by the situational circumstances. Caplin and Leahy (63) assert that the consumers’ purchasing decision is based the edited prospects. Subsquently, the process followed in editing the prospects is fundamental in determining the consumers’ purchasing decision.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Odd and Even Pricing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second phase entails making a choice on the most effective options available. The choice of the edited options is influenced by the weight and the apparent value of the options. Consumers select the option that has the highest combined value. Therefore, the prospect theory emphasizes the importance of establishing a reference point. According to the prospect theory, the value of a particular product is determined by comparing with that of another. The cumulative prospect theory This theory is an improvement of the expected utility theory. Nielson and Stowe (31) assert that this theory is comprized of three critical components. The fir st component entails the value function, which takes into account the gains associated with selecting a particular product. The second component entails the loss aversion function. Nielson and Stowe assert that the loss aversion function â€Å"tranforms utilities over gains into utilities over corresponding losses† (32). Under this function, consumers are risk seeking over losses and risk averse over gains. The third component entails the weighing function. According to the cumulative prospect theory, consumers are more concerned about losses than gains associated with purchasing a particular product. Furthermore, the cumulative prospective theory asserts that consumers have diverse risk attitude. The following model describes the cumulative prospect theory of a risky outcome, where p= probability, v= the value function, w= weighing function, and F (x) is the cumulative probabilities all values up to x. Source: (Caplin and Leahy 65)Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pricing formats Marketers are cognizant of the view that effective product pricing plays a fundamental role in maximizing revenue, and hence the level of profitability. Furthermore, marketers have the capacity to influence the consumers’ purchasing decision by adopting effective pricing strategies. One of the marketing strategies that have extensively been utilized by marketers is psychological pricing strategy. The decision to adopt this pricing strategy arises from the need to â€Å"appeal the consumers’ emotions and perceptions in their purchase decision-making process† (Chovancova 29). In addition, Chovancova asserts that the consumers’ decision to buy a â€Å"particular product is based on the perception of the price point set by marketers rather than the actual money price† (29). Chovancova further emphasizes that customers â€Å"react diffently if the price is broken into parts or the product or service is bundled with other items† (2 9). Therefore, it is imperative for marketers to take into account the consumers’ perceptions in setting the price point. Odd and even pricing formats Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra (1) define odd-end pricing as a price setting strategy whereby the price of a product is set a few cents below the rounding end counterpart. Examples of odd-end pricing include $3.99 and $3.95, which is just below $4.00. On the other hand, even pricing strategy, refers to a pricing strategy whereby the price point of a product is set at a whole number, for example $4. Even-end pricing strategy is not as attractive amongst retailers as compared to odd-end pricing. This assertion arises from the view that even-end pricing is not effective in enhancing market communication, hence its ineffectiveness in influencing the consumers’ purchasing decision (Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra 2). Odd-end pricing is one of the most common psychological pricing strategies am ongst marketers. Findings of previous studies show that the probability of consumers purchasing products whose prices end with a 9 is higher as compared to products whose prices end with 0, for example $ 99.99 versus $ 100.00 (Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra 1). However, the effectiveness of odd-end pricing varies between utilitarian and hedonic produts. Hedonic products mainly incude luxuries while utilitarian products refer to the necesities. Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra (1) are of the opinion that odd-ending pricing is more effective in influencing the consumers’ decision to purchase hedonic products as compared to utilitarian products. Consumers consider odd-end pricing as a way of communicating the price discount being offered. Consumers develop the perception that purchasing a product whose price is set using odd-end pricing is equivalent to recieving a price discount of the amount subtracted from the nearest whole number. Thus, odd-en d pricing is effective in communicating the unexpected gains associated with purchasing the product. Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra assert that odd-end pricing â€Å"is characterized by a high degree of pursuasiveness of gain-framed versus loss-framed messages† (3). Additionally, Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra (2) assert that odd-end pricing plays a fundamental role in stimulating the demand for a product. According to Schindler (Relative price level 245), odd-end pricing communicates low price to consumers. Retailers are increasingly exploiting rightmost digits in an effort to indicate the competitiveness of their products to consumers. Schindler (The 99 price ending 74) is of the opinion that odd-end pricing has a positive effect on a firm’s revenue. The effectiveness of odd-end pricing arises from the view that this pricing strategy is effective in communicating a positive image regarding the price of the product to consumers. Schin dler and Kibarian (95) are of the view that using odd-end pricing is likeliy to minimize price sensitivity amongst consumers. Furthermore, odd-end pricing communicates that consumers are not likely to find the product being sold at another outlet at a price lower than the price being offered. Therefore, the 99 ending pricing strategy is the most effective in communicatig the strongest expectations of recieving a product at a low price. Relationship between price ending and consumer choice theory According to the prospect theory, the consumers’ choice of a product is based on a reference point. This assertion means that consumers are faced by a bundle of goods from which they are required to select the product that will result in utility maximization. Despite the view that consumers aim at maximizing utility, they are constrained by their budget. Consequently, they tend to select a bundle of goods that results in maximum utility. The use of odd-end pricing such as the 9-ending communicates that the retailer is issuing a discount to the consumer. Therefore, the consumer develops the perception that purchasing a product with odd-end pricing will enhance the likelihood of achieving the expected level of utility. One of the core components of the prospect theory is the value function. Using odd-end pricing as opposed to 0-ending plays a fundamental role in communicating the gains associated with purchasing a given product. The expectation of recieving a gain from purchasing a product ending with 9 improves the consumers’ perception of the product, which is referred to as the percieved-gain effect. However, the gain recieved is disproportionate to the percieved discount (Schindler and Kirby 193). Conclusion Consumers are price-sensitive in the thier purchasing process. Therefore, price is one of factors that they evaluate before making a purchasing decision. Despite this aspect, retailers have an opportunity to influence the consumers’ purchasin g decision-making process. This goal can be achieved by adopting effecitve pricing strategies. Retailers should consider pricing as a critical aspect in thier strategic framework. Psychological pricing is one of the most effective strategies that retailers can adopt in thier quest to influence the consumers’ purchasing decision. The effectiveness of psychological pricing strategy arises from its ability to influence the consumers’ perception on the price point. Odd-end pricing strategy has extensively been used by marketers in an effort to influence the consumers’ purchase decizion. The above analysis shows that odd end pricing is effective in communicating value and expected gains to customers, which underscores the principles of the expected utility theory. Through odd-end pricing, consumers develop the perception that the set price has taken into account the discount. Thus, consumers assume that the difference between the price point and the nearest roundoff figure is equal to the price discount offered. Furthermore, odd-end pricing is aligned with the prospect theory, which argues that consumers are required to select the products that will result in utility maximization. However, the consumers’ choice of the bundle of goods is influenced by the price of the product. Therefore, consumers select a particular product based on the price, which acts as the reference point. The analysis above shows that pricing is an important element that retailers should consider in their strategic management practices. The pricing strategy adopted determines the extent to which the firm influences the consumers’ purchasing decision, and hence the likelihood of achieving the profit maximization objective. Works Cited Caplin, Andrew, and John Leahy. â€Å"Psychological expected utility theory and anticipatory feelings.† The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2.2(2001): 59-80. Print. Choi, Jungsil, Lee Kiljae, and Ji Yong-Yeon. â€Å"What type of framing message is more appropriate with nine-ending pricing.† Mark Lett 23.1 (2013): 603-614. Print. Choi, Jungsil, Yexin Li, Rangan Priyamvadha, Rangan Promothesh, and Singh Surendra. â€Å"The odd-ending price justification effect: the influence of price ending on hedonic and utilitarian consumption.† Journal of the Academic Marketing Science 2.2(2014): 1-13. Print. Chovancova, Asamoah. â€Å"The influence of price endings on consumer behaviour; an application of the psychology of perception.† Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59.7(2011): 29-39. Print. Nielson, William, and Jill Stowe. â€Å"A further examination of cummulative prospect theory parameterizations.† The Journal of Risk and Uncertainity 24.1(2002): 31-46. Print. Schindler, Robert. â€Å"Relative price level of 99-ending prices: image versus reality.†Ã‚  Marketing Letters 12.3 (2001): 239-247. Print. —. â€Å"The 99 price ending as a signnal of a low price appeal.† Journal of Retailing  82.1 (2006): 71-77. Print. Schindler, Robert, and Patrick Kirby. â€Å"Patterns of rightmost digits used in advertized prices: implications for nine-ending effects.† Journal of Consumer Research 24.2 (2003): 192-202. Print. Schindler, Robert, and Thomas Kibarian. â€Å"Image communicated by the use of 99 ending in advertized.† Journal of Advertizing 30.4(2001): 96-112. Print. This research paper on Odd and Even Pricing was written and submitted by user Mary Jane Watson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gaudium et Spes Essays

Gaudium et Spes Essays Gaudium et Spes Essay Gaudium et Spes Essay Gaudium et Spes Introduction The Catholic Church has four apostolic charters introduced by the second Vatican council in Rome. One of the charters is ‘the pastoral constitution on the church in the modern world’. It is better known as Gaudium et Spes. This document was written to provide a general idea of what the Catholic Church taught about humanity and the society. The word Gaudium et Spes in the Latin language means joy and hope. In the same way, the document provides an account on the emotions such as happiness, anguish and apprehension that Christians face in this age. Gaudium et Spes defines and safeguards the function of the church in a materialistic society particularly in relation to injustice, paucity, ecumenism, technological reconstruction and finances. : Discussion The Gaudium et Spes defines culture as everything that has to do with the lives of people, all their values and practices whether good or bad; and the way in which people express themselves through language, institutions and social conditions. The author sees the need for the intervention of the Catholic Church in the area of culture in order to integrate more Christianity into it. He states that there have been so many social and cultural changes that it is as though the human race is experiencing a new age. New patterns of thinking, acting, communicating and leisure have grown that are shaping and changing people’s cultures all over the world. The author believes that the exchanges of culture should lead to the unification and harmony between nations of the world. However, he believes that care should be taken to prevent new cultures from completely erasing old traditions and wisdom and replacing people’s original cultures. In addition, he states that the development and exchanges of culture could lead to increased secularism, thus creating an environment whereby religion is regarded with hostility. He urges Christians to obey their calling, which is to control the earth and develop God’s creation in order to make an impact and be of service in the world. By making the world a better place, Christians encourage the rest of the world to come into the knowledge of the Creator. He also states that the development of science and technology may lead to agnosticism and atheism, but Christians should not let this lead them to despise the advancements, since they are useful. The author also discusses the relationship between the message of salvation and culture. He states that Jesus’ teachings were always appropriate to the cultures of the people he was speaking to. Thus, the Church should also understand people’s cultures in order to spread the Gospel effectively. The Gospel is an effective tool in the purification of people’s inequities and it shows the world the right path, thus the church should integrate with the world’s cultures in order to spread the world. The key terms used include ‘humanity’, which is used as a definition for all of humankind. The Pope constantly uses this term in order to show that the content of the constitution concerns everyone in the world and not specific individuals or races. ‘Culture’ is another key term that the author uses. He uses it to describe patterns of behavior, thinking, beliefs and other works of humanity that are transmitted through people in different par ts of the world over time. Conclusion The author concludes by stating that the development of the individual, the good of the community and humanity should all come before culture. Culture should be allowed to develop unrestrained as long as it respects the rights of all people within the community. Authorities should therefore not determine how culture should develop but should provide structures that facilitate the proper growth of culture in line with truth and respect for all people despite their economic, racial or political backgrounds.

Writing a Pitch

Writing a Pitch Writing a Pitch Writing a Pitch By Maeve Maddox Those of you planning to enter the Amazon/Penguin Fiction Contest have probably written your pitch by now. Every novelist, sooner or later, must give some thought to the pitch. Like a synopsis a pitch must presentin a short space if written, in a few minutes if spokenan overall description of the novel: main character/s, main conflict, main plot twists, and resolution. The pitch contains additional information about targeted audience and marketability. The Amazon/Penguin contest is expected to draw as many as 10,000 submissions. The 10,000 will be cut to 2,000 on the basis of 300-word pitches. Even if you dont plan to enter, you may find the contest criteria useful in planning the pitch you will eventually need if youre writing a novel. The 300-word contest pitches are expected to give judges a clear idea of the following aspects of the submitted novel: overall strength plot development character development originality of idea writing style intended market how the book fits within this market why the reader would want to read the novel The contents of a pitch are the same as what goes into a query letter. Good luck to those of you planning to enter. Any of our readers who entered last year may want to offer last minute tips. Guidelines for writing a fiction query letter Breakthrough Novel Contest site Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. HadStory Writing 101Oppose and Opposed To

Marketing project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Marketing project - Essay Example Netherlands has a population of 16,652,800 people and about 15,500,000 bicycles (Shahan, 2014). This translates to about 1.11 bicycles per Dutch. Research also shows that about 27% of all trips are made by bicycle. On average, each Dutch covers about 2.5 km per day on a bicycle. However, since safety is paramount, we intend to introduce state-of-the-art bright bicycle lights, which would be placed on the front of the bicycle to enhance vision and red lights at the back. At the backdrop of the continued growth of bicycle use in the Netherlands, we have decided to take advantage of the high demand for bicycle lights in the country by entering into the market. Although there are a variety of entry methods that ‘A company can use to enter the Dutch market, we have opted to use joint venture as the best entry method, considering the Dutch legal requirements and the advantages of joint venture. The company has already identified a company with which to form a joint venture in Netherlands. The company is called Royal Dutch Gazelle, which is the leading bicycle manufacturer in Netherlands today. We chose to form a joint venture with Royal Dutch Gazelle because of a variety of reasons. Firstly, Royal Dutch Gazelle is a well-established brand in Netherlands and , therefore, forming a joint venture with it will enable our bicycle lights receive a warm reception among the Dutch. Secondly, a joint venture with the Dutch company will help the company share the risk of entry (Brady, 2010). Company A will also benefit from the joint venture with Royal Dutch Gazelle because it will result in sharing of knowledge and expertise, thereby helping in the development of the company in Netherlands. Additionally, because of the strict Dutch laws regarding the entry of foreign companies, it became appropriate that we form a joint venture with a Dutch company to enable the company A

Answers to Burger King case study questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answers to Burger King questions - Case Study Example Franchising helps to increase the profitability of the business and eliminate unnecessary start up cost. The success of the fast food industry does not only depend upon the franchising method but also depends upon implementation of effective marketing strategies. To achieve global leadership in its industry a fast food restaurant needs to set a series of financial goal and strategic goals. Global leadership by a fast food restaurant can be attained if a company is adept at discovering the new market opportunities, establishing a strong presence in the international markets and securing a competitive advantage. Effective strategic planning is required for attaining profitability in the domestic and international markets. Firstly, the management of the company needs to clearly define its reasons for expanding its operation in the foreign market. A comparative analysis of the political social, cultural environment of different countries would be required for screening purposes. Critical Success Factors are strongly related to the mission and strategic goals of your business or project. ... e production process (How long the French fries must be fried?) 4) Hygiene standards must be maintained in all the branches of the fast food restaurant 5) Standardized menu must be available worldwide (Cao â€Å"Comparison of customers' perceptions of service quality between different management forms in fast food restaurants†). The other key success factor include proper distribution channels, innovative advertising strategies etc. It is a well accepted fact that fast food restaurants should have a sound understanding of the consumer behavior, tastes and preferences and fast food outlets and how it differs across various countries. Understanding the cultural differences between the countries will help the fast food restaurant to customize their menu as per the taste and preference of the local customers. For example McDonalds serves lamburgers in India because beef and pork burgers are not served for religious purposes. In USA and Canada people prefer to eat most of their mea ls outside their homes (Vivavegie â€Å"Fast food facts from the super size me web site†). It is observed that the consumer spending on fast food does not decrease even during recession due to the quick serving ability and its reduced price. The timing of the delivery of the food also plays a prominent role in the customer service of the fast food restaurants. Since obesity has become major health concern in the USA, UK and Canada, the fast food restaurants need to lay emphasis on nutritional requirement and calorie content of the fast food. Thus we can say that factors like 1) Taste of food 2) Hygiene 3) Service response time 4) Pricing of the product 5) Courtesy and behavior of the employees 6) Operating hours 7) Variety in menu 8) Nutritional requirement in the food 9) Amenity play an important

Causes of Muscle Damage

Causes of Muscle Damage An antioxidant has been defined as a substance that reduces oxidative damage such as that caused by free radicals (Halliwell 1984). Oxygen-centred free radicals known as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) may contribute to exercise induced muscle damage (Mc Ginley 2009). Due to this, it has been widely accepted over the past 20 years that increasing antioxidants in the body will provide greater protection against ROS (Sastre 1992; Hathcock 2005). However, the significance of exercise-induced oxidative stress is open for discussion (Cabrera 2008) with unclear conclusions in literature. This has led to the recent investigation on the possibility of increased production of free radicals during exercise and the effects of antioxidant supplementation in athletes (Finaud 2006; Gomez-Cabrera 2008;Ristow 2009). Free radical proliferation is a widely suggested mechanism in the damage response to exercise by process of phacocytosis and activation of the respiratory burst by neutrophils during the i nflammatory response (Pyne 1994). The most commonly used antioxidants in the sporting world are vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (tocopherol) with an astonishing 84% of athletes using antioxidants during the 2008 Beijing Olympics (International Olympic Committee 2008). It has been well documented that high intensity exercise results in damage to active muscle fibres resulting in soreness, stiffness and a reduction in the muscles force producing capabilities (Allen 2001; Armstrong 1990; Clarkson 2002). Peroxidation of muscle fibre lipids causes disturbance in cellular homeostasis which may result in muscle fatigue or injury, possibly implicating free radical formation as a major cause of delayed-onset muscle soreness (Byrd 1992). Preventing muscle tissue damage during exercise training may help optimize the training effect and eventual competitive sports performance (Sen 2001). In order to minimise tissue cell damage, there must be an equilibrium maintained between oxidants (ROS) and antioxidants (reductants). ROS increases with intense physical exercise (Fig 1) which can exceed the capacity of the bodys natural antioxidant defence (Reid 2001). This was illustrated by Davis (1982) and Ebbeling (1990), whereby strenuous activity led to increased lev els of malondialdehyde (MDA), a 3-carbon-chain aldehyde. Measurement of MDA has become the most commonly used indicator of lipid peroxidation (Mc Bride 1999).Thus, the ingestion of exogenous antioxidants has been proposed to attenuate this increase in ROS. Evans (1990) noted that several antioxidants, including vitamin C and especially vitamin E, have been shown to decrease the exercise-induced increase in the rate of lipid peroxidation, which could help prevent muscle tissue damage. The effects of Vitamin E have been more extensively researched than Vitamin C due to some promising results in the literature. Vitamin E is the main lipidsoluble, chain-breaking antioxidant (Ji 1996) which accumulates in the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes and helps attenuate lipid peroxidation (Sjodin 1990) within the cell membrane acting as an important scavenger of superoxide and lipid radicals (Powers 2000). Vitamin E supplementation has been shown to significantly decrease the amount of lipid peroxidation (Kanter 1993) and membrane damage associated with single bouts of low and high intensity submaximal exercise aswell as resistance exercise (Mc Bride 1998; Ashton 1999). Sumida (1989) stated that 300 mg of vitamin E given for 4 weeks reduced exercise-induced lipid peroxidation . Mc Bride (1998) reported the effectiveness of vitamin E supplementation in reducing MDA and creatine kinase (CK) levels. Cannon (1990) reported a decrease in CK and a faster recovery after supplem entation of vitamin E. Furthermore, Kanter (1997) recently reported a 35 % increase in T-lag time (indicative of a diminished LDL oxidation rate) in subjects who consumed 1000 mg d-a-tocopherol acetate daily for 1 week before exercise. Various studies have also demonstrated beneficial physiological effects of vitamin C supplementation in physically-active people. Jakeman and Maxwell (1993) found that supplementing vitamin C showed less strength loss (Fig 2) in the triceps surae post-exercise, and a faster recovery (Fig 3) compared to placebo. The force response to tetanic stimulation was less in the vitamin C group also, indicating a reduction in contractile function. Kaminski and Boal (1992) pre-supplemented subjects for 3 days with 1 g of vitamin C 3 times a day and then induced damage in the posterior calf muscles. Supplementation continued for 7 days post-exercise with vitamin C group reporting reduced soreness ratings ranging from 25-44% less than the control group. Peters (1993) noted fewer cases of upper respiratory tract infection in runners who consumed 600 mg vitamin C/d for 3 weeks before a 42 km road race. Bryer (2006) reported lower DOMS in a high-dose Vitamin C supplementation group 2 weeks prior and 4 days post eccentric exercise Studies which have used combinations of antioxidants (consumed 300-800 mg d-cr-tocopherol plus 200 mg vitamin C/d for 4-8 weeks) reported post-exercise declines in serum enzymes indicative of muscle tissue damage in subjects (Sumida 1989; Rokitzi 1994). Kanter (1993) reported that a mixture of vitamin E (592 mg), vitamin C (1,000 mg), and 30 mg of beta carotene resulted in a decreased level of a lipid peroxidation marker after exercise. All the previously mentioned studies suggest tangible benefits of antioxidant supplementation in combating detrimental physiological processes that may be initiated by physical activity thus appearing beneficial to sports and exercise participants. Exercise exhibits numerous positive effects on general health (Wartburton 2006), most notably improving glucose metabolism. It is well documented that exercise increases ROS production (Powers 2008), however it is unknown whether this may influence the health promoting effects of exercise. The effects of antioxidant supplementation on the health-promoting effects of exercise have recently been investigated (Gomez-Cabrera 2008; Ristow 2009). Exercise helps initiate mitochondrial metabolism, with a reduction of this metabolism linked with type 2 diabetes (Simoneau 1997). Since mitochondria are the main source of ROS, its been proclaimed that ROS may be a factor in some health promoting effects (Schulz 2007; Birringer 2007). Ristow (2009) investigated this theory and hypothesized that antioxidant supplementation may repeal certain health promoting benefits of exercise and oxidative stress. Thus, if increases in oxidative stress exhibit a counteracting effect on insulin-resistance, then the prevention of ROS activation by antioxidants may increase the risk of disease such as type 2 diabetes. Ristow (2009) proposed an essential role for ROS formation in increasing insulin sensitivity in exercising humans. The study found that vitamin C and vitamin E blocked many of the beneficial effects of exercise such as insulin sensitivity (glucose infusion rates-GIR) and the promotion of muscle antioxidant defence post-exercise. James (1984) found non-supplemented subjects showed significant increase in GIR after 4 weeks training whereas antioxidant group found no significant change (Fig 4). In addition, the non supplemented group also increased adiponectin levels compared to the supplemented group (Fig 5). Adiponectin (secretory protein) has been shown to have a positive correlation with insulin sensitivity and is inversely correlated with risk of type 2 diabetes (Spranger 2003). A recent meta-analysis of 232,550 participants suggests use of antioxidants may increase all-cause mortality (Bjelakovic 2007). Of the 136,023 receiving antioxidants, 13.1% died (17,880) whereas of the 96,5 27 controls, 10.5% died (10,136). Studies in healthy subjects show that low aerobic capacity is a strong predictor of mortality (Myers 2002; Yusuf 2004). Impaired regulation of mitochondrial function is an important mechanism for low aerobic capacity (Wisloff 2005). Gomez-Cabrera (2008) found that mitochondrial content is a key determinant of endurance capacity and that vitamin C decreases exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle. Free radicals serve as signals to adapt muscle cells to exercise through gene expression (Khassaf 2003). Vitamin C was found to prevent beneficial training effects to occur due to their prevention of activation of two major antioxidants (Mn-SOD and GPx) (Gomez-Cabrera 2008). The aforementioned study also concluded that endurance capacity is directly related to mitochondrial content, which is negatively affected by antioxidants. Antioxidant supplementation is extremely popular among athletes, but data indicating beneficial effects on functional capacity of muscle are elusive. There is no strong evidence from literature for the use of antioxidant supplementation in athletic populations as there are many poor controlled studies involving unusually high doses, involving low muscle damaging activity and more recent research has alleviated to minimal if any benefits. Antioxidants do not seem beneficial in preventing DOMS, increasing recovery time or protect against muscle damage but in fact long term supplementation (with vitamin E in particular) may increase mortality (Bjelakovic 2007). Most notably for athletes, not only does supplementation appear ineffective in preventing against exercise induced muscle damage, but interferes with the ROS signalling which are needed for adaptation to occur (Gomez-Cabrera 2008). References: Allen DG (2001). Eccentric muscle damage: mechanisms of early reduction of force. Acta Physiol Scand; 171(3):311-9 Aoi W, Naito Y, Takanami Y, Kawai Y, Sakuma K, Ichikawa H (2004). Oxidative stress and delayed-onset muscle damage after exercise. Free Radic Biol Med;37:480- 7. Armstrong RB (1990). Initial events in exercise-induced muscular injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 22(4): 429-35 Ashton T, Young IS, Peters JR, Jones E, Jackson SK, Davies B (1999). Electron spin resonance spectroscopy, exercise, and oxidative stress: an ascorbic acid intervention study. J Appl Physiol;87:2032- 6 Birringer M, et al. (2007) Improved glucose metabolism in mice lacking alphatocopherol transfer protein. Eur J Nutr 46:397-405. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (2007) Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc 297:842-857. Bryer SC, Goldfarb AH (2006). Effect of high dose vitamin C supplementation on muscle soreness, damage, function and oxidative stress to eccentric exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab; 16(3): 270-80 Byrd, S.K.(1992) Alterations in the sarcoplasmic reticulum: A possible link to exercise-induced muscle damage. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24:531-536 Cannon, J.G, Evans W.J (1990). Acute phase response in exercise: Interaction of age and vitamin E on neutrophils and muscle enzyme release. Am. J. Physiol. 259:R1214-R1219. Clarkson PM, Hubal MJ (2002). Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil; 81(11): S52-59 Davies, K.J, BROOKS G.A, and Packer L (1982). Free radicals and tissue damage produced by exercise. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 107:1198-1205. Dillard CJ, Litov RE, Savin RE, Dumelin EE Tappel AL (1978) Effects of exercise, vitamin E, and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation. Journal of Applied Physiology Ebbeling, C.B, and Clarkson P.M(1990). Muscle adaptation prior to recovery following eccentric exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 60: 26-31. Finaud J, Lac G, Filaire E (2006). Oxidative Stress: relationship with exercise and training. Sports Med;36(4):327-58 Gomez-Cabrera MC, Domenech E (2008). Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: upregulation of antioxidant genes by training. Free Radic Biol Med; 44(2): 126-31 Gomez-Cabrera MC, et al. (2008) Oral administration of vitamin C decreases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and hampers training-induced adaptations in endurance performance. Am J Clin Nutr 87:142-149. Halliwell, B., Gutteridge J. M (1984). Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease. J. Biochem. 219:1-14. Hartmann A, Nies AM, Grunert-Fuchs M, Poch B Speit G (1995) Vitamin E prevents exercise-induced DNA damage. Mutation Research 346, 195-202. Hathcock JN, Azzi A, Blumberg J (2005). Vitamins E andCare safe across a broad range of intakes. Am J Clin Nutr;81:736-45 Hellsten, Y, Sjodin B (1997) Xanthine oxidase in human skeletal muscle following eccentric exercise: A role in inflammation. J. Physiol. 498: 239-248. James DE, Kraegen EW, Chisholm DJ (1984) Effect of exercise training on whole-body insulin sensitivity and responsiveness. J Appl Physiol 56:1217-1222. Ji, L.L (1996). Exercise, oxidative stress, and antioxidants. Am. J. Sports Med. 24:S20-S24. Ji, L.L. (2000) Free radicals and antioxidants in exercise and sports. G.E. Garrett, and D.T. Kirkendall. Exercise and Sport Science. New York, NY: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 299- 317. Kaminski, M, Boal M (1992). An effect of ascorbic acid on delayed- onset muscle soreness. Pain 50:317-321. Kanter MM, Bartoli WP, Eddy DE Horn MK (1997) Effects of short term vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxidation, inflammation and tissue damage during and following exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29, S40. Kanter, M.M., Nolte L ,and Holloszy H (1993). Effects of an antioxidant vitamin mixture on lipid peroxidation at rest and postexercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 74:965-969. Kanter, M.M., Nolte L.A and Holloszy J.O (1993). Effects of an antioxidant vitamin mixture on lipid peroxidation at rest and post-exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 74:965-969. Khassaf M, McArdle A, Esanu C (2003). Effect of vitamin C supplements on antioxidant defence and stress proteins in human lymphocytes and skeletal muscle. J Physiol;549:645-52. Kosmidou I, Vassilakopoulos T, Xagorari A, Zakynthinos S, Papapetropoulos A, Roussos C (2002). Production of interleukin-6 by skeletal muscle myotubes. Role of reactive oxygen species. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol;26:587- 93. Maxwell SRJ, Jakeman P, Thomason H, (1993). Changes in plasma antioxidant status during eccentric exercise and the effect of vitamin supplementation. Free Radic Res Commun;19:191-202. McBride, J.M., and Kraemer W.J (1998) Effect of resistance exercise on free radical production. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 30:67-72. McBride, J.M., and Kraemer W.J (1999). Free radicals, exercise, and antioxidants. J. Strength Cond. Res. 13:175-183. Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE (2002). Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med;346:793- 801. Powers SK, Jackson MJ (2008) Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev 88:1243-1276. Pyne, D.B (1994). Regulation of neutrophil function during exercise. Sports Med. 17:245-258. Reid, M.B, Shoji T,Moody M.R, and Entman M.L.(1992) Reactive oxygen in skeletal muscle. II. Extracellular release of free radicals.J. Appl. Physiol. 73:1805-1809. Ristow, M., Zarse, K., Oberbach, A., Kloting, N., Birringer, M., Kiehntopf, M. Stumvoll, M., Kahn, C.R., Bluher, M. (2009). Antioxidants prevent health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 8665-8670. Rokitzi L, Logemann E, Sagredos AN, Wetzel-Roth W Keul J (1994) Lipid peroxidation and antioxidative vitamins under extreme endurance stress. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 154, 149-154. Sastre J, Asensi M, Gasco E (1992). Exhaustive physical exercise causes oxidation of glutathione status in blood: prevention by antioxidant administration. Am J Physiol;263:R992-5. Schulz TJ, et al. (2007) Glucose restriction extends Caenorhabditis elegans life span by inducing mitochondrial respiration and increasing oxidative stress. Cell Metab 6:280-293. Sen, C, K (2001). Antioxidants in Exercise. Nutrition Journal of Sports Medicine- Volume 31 Issue 13 pp 891-908 Simoneau JA, Kelley DE (1997) Altered glycolytic and oxidative capacities of skeletal muscle contribute to insulin resistance in NIDDM. J Appl Physiol 83:166-171. Sjodin, B., Y. And Apple F.S (1990). Biochemical mechanisms for oxygen free radical formation during exercise. Sports Med. 10:236-254. Spranger J, et al. (2003) Adiponectin and protection against type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet 361:226-228. Sumida, S., Tanaka K, Kitao H, Nakadomo F (1989). Exercise- induced lipid peroxidation and leakage of enzymes before and after vitamin E supplementation. Int. J. Biochem. 21:835- 838. Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS (2006) Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. Can Med Ass J 174:801-809. Wisloff U, Najjar SM, Ellingsen O (2005). Cardiovascular risk factors emerge after artificial selection for low aerobic capacity. Science; 307:418 -20. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S (2004). Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the Interheart Study): case-control study. Lancet;364:937-52.

Pygmalion: Social Class and Liza

1. Significance of Title: The significance of the title, †Pygmalion† is in Greek mythology, The town Cyprus Pygmalion was a king who deeply fell in love with the statue of Aphrodite. Pygmalion had pictured nothing but beauty in his mind. He worked many countless days and nights in search of loveliness beyond his powers of expression. The statue got the life, in his quest for ideal beauty and divine’s grace. Over time the two were married and he gave her the name Galatea. In contrast to Shaw’s play, â€Å"Pygmalion† professor Higgins the scientist of phonetics is a Pygmalion and a convent garden flower girl Eliza is a Galatea the statue, who will be later transformed by Higgins into an upper class lady. Though Higgins creates a new Liza, he doesn’t marry her unlike the Greek legend. The title has mythic and suggestive appeal to it. 2. Setting: The setting of Pygmalion is set in England around the late 1800s and early 1900s. Why Shaw chose this setting, it is when and where he lived, but it is important to the story in many ways. He was an active socialist, in many of his novels they were based on social and political issues like capitalism and socialism. In Pygmalion, Shaw lays down his beliefs and teaches us about society in the early 1900s. This was a time when people were just starting to be able to move up in society, if you were poor at birth, you could raise yourself to a higher level by working hard, like Liza. Women were finally starting to be considered more than just the homebuilders; they were starting to be viewed as the heart of the family. Shaw supported the idea that women should get the same opportunities as men, also he believed strongly in equality for all mankind. In this story it tells about a working young lady who gets an opportunity to become upper class lady. Throughout the novel, Shaw keeps the contrast between working class and the middle class by using strong characters from both sectors. The setting provides events and opinions from both sides of class divided. When the two different worlds are clashed together the results are interesting. England is also a major part of the setting, because it had a more rigid social structure at the time of the story than America did. It was easier to spot the differences that kept Liza stapled to the gutter of society. 3. Theme: There are many themes in this novel. One of themes is Professionalism, the idea of female professions were somewhat new, in this time period. Women were generally housewives before this period and there is some resistance to the idea of that male professions being entered by females. When Liza opening a flower shop and she comes from the lower class, it’s almost treating to the males because it’s one job that the female took away from them. Gentility and Manners is another theme. The upper class was associated with mostly good manners. The author’s position on manners was a bit unclear. Since he’s a socialist, a person might think he wouldn’t have no time for them because they are a maker of class divisions. Though Pickering’s treating everyone like a duchess, while Higgins’s pattern is treating everyone like trash. At the end of the novel Liza thanks Pickering for teaching her manners; if it wasn’t for him she would have never learned them. Change and Transformation is also another theme. The central theme and plot of the novel is the transformation of Liza. At first it appears to rest in the power Higgins expresses buy achieving his transformation. He quotes, â€Å"How frightfully interesting it is to take a human being and change her into a quite different human being by creating a new speech for her.† Liza becomes the central in the play. The learning of independence and the sense of inner self-worth is the true importance that allows her to leave Higgins. 4. Characters: Liza Doolittle is around eighteen and twenty years of age, a cockney flower girl who is energetic and street-smart. She is intelligent though was not educated by the traditional standards. Innocent vanity and consequential air describe the deplorable figure. Liza is a quick learner, who learns a genteel accent from Higgins’s and washed and dressed exquisitely as a duchess. As she is transformed, she is shocked that Higgins has lost interest in her afterwards. Liza notices the difference between a flower girl and a lady and she learns that the social graces and class not the true measure of a person’s worth. Henry Higgins is described as, â€Å"a robust, vital appetizing sort of man†, also an energetic scientific type. He is an expert in the phonetics and the author of, â€Å"Higgins’s Universal Alphabet.† His manners range from genial bullying. When he transformed Liza, he is shaken by the independence Liza demonstrates and by the end of the play Higgins is able to respect her. Another character is Alfred Doolittle is an elderly but vigorous man. He thinks he deserves as much as others Though never gets anything because the disapproval of middle class morality. Alfred is a moocher that finesses loans from the most miserly of people. 5. Conflicts: There are several conflicts in this play. Higgins and Colonel Pickering have a playful â€Å"bet† that Higgins can't make the flower girl speak and act like a duchess. There is the issue of what we actually hear and say as opposed to what we think we hear and say. Higgins transforms the flower girl into an upper class duchess, and this is why Higgins forgets about her as soon as transformed her because he won the bet. Another conflict was that Liza Doolittle wants to better herself in life, than just be a lower class flower girl but is rather stuck in her position since her income fluctuates and her education is limited. This conflict is solved when Liza decides to open her own flower show, because that is what she knows how to do. Plus she enjoys it. 6. Symbolism and Imagery: One of the symbols in this play is chocolate. Higgins loves chocolate; while he does his studies he displays them on desk. He tried to Convince her Liza to be transformed into a duchess, he lures her with chocolate. She takes a bite of half of one. Before she can reply he pops one in his mouth. In the chocolate dish before leaving his house, Liza leaves a sentimental ring given to her by him. Liza taking a bite of chocolate represents trust. Money would be another symbol because it defines the difference between lower, middle, upper class depending how much money you have. The ring is also another symbol. Usually a ring symbolizes love and marriage though Higgins and Liza were never together; she leaves the ring by the chocolate dish. This indicates that she doesn’t trust him no more, since she left the ring by the chocolates and that she doesn’t have any more feelings for him. Eliza has now moved on. 7. Author’s style: Shaw’s style in his novel, â€Å"Pygmalion† is Intellect vs. Entertainment Shaw not only wants to just entertain his audience, he also wants them to learn about social issues. Usually theatre plays are strictly to just entertain; Shaw adds his own twist to it (to learn as well). Rather than dramatic tension, his plays do tend toward discussion. Shaw understood what made plays theatrical that’s why he succeeded in his plays. His belief in the need for social improvement didn’t however discourage him for adding humor into his plays. Pygmalion most people would think that his novel would have to do with romance but it doesn’t at all. After reading the novel you might interpret that it is a romance novel, because Eliza and Higgins. Romance has been distinguished as exotic, exaggerated narratives and idealized characters. And Pygmalion is a romance not the typical one but because of the magical transformation throughout the play . 8. Key Quotations:† A woman who utters such depressing and disgusting sounds has no right to be anywhere – no right to live† (Act.1 ) By this quote Higgins does accept all the class divisions. He believes that since Liza didn’t inherit in being an upper class lady, only he can bestow worth upon her, by helping her become a lady in society’s eyes. †You don’t care. I know you don’t care. You wouldn’t care if I was dead. I’m nothing to you-not so much as them slippers† (Act4 pg64) This shows Liza’s transformation and how it changed her, they even though she completely changed in appearance deep down she is nothing like Higgins or any upper class person. She has a different way of explaining things and she wants to be her own person, but still use the traits of an upper class lady. â€Å"You are certainly are a pretty pair of babies, playing with your live doll†(Act3 pg.53) Mrs. Higgins doesn’t agree with what her husband is doing with Liza, at first she was somewhat okay with the idea, but now she thinks it’s wrong because he going to have nothing to do with her afterwards.

Native American History Native Americans - 1879 Words

Native American Lives Since the beginning of time, conquering other societies has been a common occurrence. Almost every battle that has taken place has been documented. When stories of past battles are retold, only one side of the tale gets told, the victor’s side. In history, the ones who have been defeated never get to present their perspective of the tragic quarrels. Most never even lived to tell the stories, but the ones who do survive are not thought of as important accounts in history. The Native Americans suffered tyranny far a plethora of years, and still do. When learning about the indigenous people of America, it is taught through the â€Å"white man’s† prospective, never through the eyes of the sufferers. By not telling both sides of the story, the facts get skewed, skewed enough to have lies become the truth. So what is the real story behind Native American oppression? The relationship between natives and the incoming settlers sparked when the East side of the United States started to be colonized. There were many documented cases when it comes to first encounters between the two parties, but each individual interaction was diverse in documentation. The best archive of first encounters involved a tribe called the Powhatan. From the very beginning the colonist were not looking to make new friends, but to conquer and gain new land. When the Europeans arrived they brought many things that would perish the civilization of the Powhatan. Among the things that theShow MoreRelatedNative American History : Native Americans1099 Words   |  5 Pages Native Americans A few thousands of years before the famous and high recognized explore Christopher Columbus’ ships landed in the Bahamas, a distinctive group of people discovered America. The ancestors of modern Native Americans who hiked over a â€Å"land bridge† from Asia more than 12,000 years ago. 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Although many Native American societies didn’t have a written language, many tribes were advanced enough and had written history or organized spiritual ceremonies and practices. Many tribes were destroyed and others moved far away from their ancestral home. Since the origin, and till now, American Indians have been ableRead MoreThe History of Native Americans Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pagesbrought suffering and death to Native American tribes. In the United States, Indian groups were willing to live with the newcomers until relations were strained by the continuing immigration to its territory, loss of resources, diseases and among other. Certainly, there were cultural differences between Indians and newcomers, but at the beginning; diplomacy, communication and consideration made the relations between them more bearable, but after a while, native were faced with people who

Is Climate Change Not A Top Priority Essay - 1197 Words

Why is Climate Change not a Top Priority in America? The Earth’s climate has continuously changed throughout history. Most of the time, these climate changes are attributed to small variations in Earth’s orbit, which in turn changes the amount of solar energy reflected onto the planet. However, according to NASA, the current warming trend is of such significance because â€Å"most of it is very likely human-induced and proceeding at a rate that is unprecedented in the past 1,300 years.† Essentially, what happens is that sunlight passes through the atmosphere and warms the Earth’s surface. This heat is radiated back towards space. Most of the outgoing heat is absorbed by greenhouse gas molecules and re-emitted in all directions, warming the surface of the Earth and the lower atmosphere. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, emit are increasingly emitting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. 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